Pambuyo kudula chikhalidwe, maapulo mosavuta oxidized.
Kwa anthu ambiri aku America, "zopaka zokonzeka kudya" ndizomwe amazizolowera kwambiri. Zomwe zimatchedwa "zokonzekera zokonzekera" zimatanthawuza mawonekedwe a mankhwala omwe amatsuka, kudula, ndi kutsegulidwa mu thumba.
Monga chipatso, kusunga khalidwe pambuyo kudula ndi vuto lalikulu. Makamaka, maapulo ali olemera mu mankhwala a polyphenol-chifukwa cha katundu wawo wabwino wa antioxidant, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la "ubwino wa thanzi" la maapulo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, maapulo amakhalanso ndi "polyphenol oxidase" - mu maapulo osasunthika, iwo ndi mankhwala a polyphenol ali m'magulu osiyanasiyana, madzi abwino samaphwanya madzi amtsinje. Maselo akathyoka, awiriwa amabwera palimodzi, ndipo oxidase imalimbikitsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a polyphenols kukhala chinthu chakuda chakuda. Izi ndizomwe zimatchedwa "browning". Apulo wofiirira sanangotaya mtengo wake wokongola, komanso amatsagana ndi kuchepa kwa kukoma.
Njira yosavuta komanso yopanda pake ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito "mankhwala" kuti mupewe okosijeni mutatha kudula. Mwachitsanzo, calcium ascorbate ndi antioxidant yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzakudya. Miwirini apulo wodulidwa mu njira yamadzi ya calcium ascorbate kuti mulepheretse kugwira ntchito kwa polyphenol oxidase ndikusunga apuloyo kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kusinthika.
Komabe, anthu ambiri amakhala osamala mwachibadwa ndi "zakudya zowonjezera". Atawaviika mu njira yamadzimadzi, amakhalabe ndi chikoka pa kukoma. Anthu a ku America adafufuzanso njira "yojambula ndalama pansi pa ketulo" mwachindunji kuti ateteze maapulo kuti asapange polyphenol oxidase. Tsopano popeza ukadaulo wowongolera ma genetic ndi wokhwima kwambiri, ichi sichinthu chovuta. Mitundu yatsopano yomwe yavomerezedwa kuti igulitse ku United States, "Arctic Apple", imalepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka polyphenol oxidase kudzera kusokoneza kwa RNA. Maapulo amtundu uwu sangasinthe mtundu mosavuta atadulidwa.
Pachithunzi pamwambapa, mbali yakumanja ndi "Arctic Apple", ndipo kumanzere ndi mitundu yofananira yosasinthika. Atatha kudulidwa kwa nthawi ndithu, mitundu yosasinthika yayamba kufiira, ndipo apulo wosinthidwa chibadwa kumanja akadali chimodzimodzi.
Kuphatikiza pa apulo wokha, asayansi apeza kuti njira yodulira imathandizanso kwambiri ku browning ndi kukoma kwa apulo.
Monga tanenera kale, kuyanika kwa maapulo kumachokera ku msonkhano wa polyphenols ndi polyphenol oxidase pambuyo pa kusokonezeka kwa selo. Ngati wodulayo ali wosamveka bwino, maselo ambiri amaphwanyidwa ndikuphwanyidwa podula; m'malo mwake, ngati tsambalo ndi lakuthwa, lidzadulidwa popanda kupanikizika kwambiri, ndipo maselo ochepa adzawonongeka. Ndi mtundu wa "kudula chipangizo cha apulo" mu chithunzi chapitachi, pali maselo ambiri omwe amaphwanyidwa pamene akudula, ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kuti zikhale zofiirira pambuyo podula.
Akupanga kudula ndi processing luso lakhala chimagwiritsidwa ntchito makampani. Kafukufuku wofalitsidwa mu Journal of Food Science mu 2019 akuwunika kusintha kwa kusungidwa kwa maapulo odulidwa ndi ultrasound.
Kafukufukuyu anayerekezera zotsatira za kudula popanda ultrasound, ndi 30%, 40%, ndi 50% ultrasound mphamvu.
Pachithunzi pamwambapa, A ndi B ndi magawo odulidwa a maapulo okhala ndi popanda ultrasound, motsatana, ndipo C ndi D ndi magawo odulidwa a chipatso cha njoka ndi popanda ultrasound, motsatana. Poyerekeza ndi kusagwiritsa ntchito ultrasound, odulidwa pamwamba ntchito ultrasound ndi yosalala, firmer, ndi maselo osweka, ndi browning liwiro ndi pang'onopang'ono posungira. Ofufuzawo adachotsa maapulo pafupifupi 1 cm wandiweyani pamtunda wodulidwa kuti azindikire ntchito ya polyphenol oxidase. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti panthawi yodula, ultrasound idawononga kwambiri polyphenol oxidase. The apamwamba a akupanga mphamvu, mphamvu kuwonongeka.
Inde, cholinga chachikulu cha kafukufuku ndi momwe angakhudzire kukoma ndi kukoma. Otsatira makumi awiri ndi atatu adagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa phunziroli, ndipo 1 imasonyeza "kusakonda kwambiri" ndipo 9 ikusonyeza "monga kwambiri". Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti kaya ndi mtundu kapena kukoma, odulidwa a ultrasonically ndi otchuka kwambiri; posungirako, zitsanzo zodulidwa za ultrasonically nthawi zonse zimakhala zodziwika kwambiri kuposa zomwe sizinali ultrasonically odulidwa.
Mwachitsanzo, mu chiwerengero cha "kuvomereza konse", chiwerengero cha anthu omwe sanali a ultrasound ndi 50% ultrasound cut Huang Shuai anali 4.5 ndi 8.4, sabata imodzi pambuyo pa 4.3 ndi 7.1, ndipo masabata awiri pambuyo pa 3.3 ndi 5.7, motsatira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, 50% ya maapulo odulidwa ndi ultrasound, patatha milungu iwiri, ndi otchuka kwambiri kuposa pamene adadulidwa ndi osakhala a ultrasound.
Mchitidwe womwewo ukuchitika mu zipatso za njoka. Pamene izo zinangodulidwa, ndi sanali akupanga odulidwa mphambu anali 4.7, amene anali penapake pakati "sakonda kapena ayi" ndi "kusakonda pang'ono", pamene 50% ultrasound odulidwa mphambu anali 8.3, amene anali pakati " kwambiri ngati" ndi " kwambiri Monga izo "; patatha milungu iwiri, odulidwa omwe sanali a ultrasound anali 1.7, pakati pa" sanakonde "ndi" sanakonde ", ndi 50% ultrasound odulidwa mphambu anali 5.7, amene anali pakati" osayanjanitsika Pakati "kusakonda" ndi "monga pang'ono".
