Ngemuva kokusika kwendabuko, ama-apula afakwa i-oxidized kalula.
Kwabaningi baseMelika, “iphakheji elungele ukudliwa” iyindlela yomkhiqizo abayijwayele kakhulu. Okubizwa ngokuthi "iphakheji elungele ukudliwa" ibhekisela efomini lomkhiqizo eliwashwayo, elisikiwe, futhi livulwe esikhwameni.
Njengesithelo, ukugcina izinga ngemuva kokusika kuyinselele enkulu. Ikakhulukazi, ama-apula acebile kuma-polyphenol compounds-ngenxa yezakhiwo zabo ezinhle ze-antioxidant, asetshenziswa njengomthombo "wezinzuzo zezempilo" zama-apula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-apula aqukethe "i-polyphenol oxidase" - kuma-apula aqinile, wona kanye ne-polyphenol compounds ku-organelles ehlukene, amanzi omthombo awephuli amanzi omfula. Uma amaseli ephukile, amabili ayahlangana, futhi i-oxidase ithuthukisa i-oxidation ye-polyphenols ibe into ensundu emnyama. Yilokhu okuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "browning". I-apula elinsundu alilahlekelwanga nje kuphela inani elikhangayo, kodwa futhi lihambisana nokwehla kokunambitheka.
Isixazululo esilula futhi esingahluzekile ukusebenzisa "amakhemikhali" ukuvimbela i-oxidation ngemva kokusika. Isibonelo, i-calcium ascorbate iyi-antioxidant evame ukusetshenziswa ekudleni. Gxilisa i-apula elisikiwe esixukwini esinamanzi se-calcium ascorbate ukuze uvimbele kakhulu ukusebenza kwe-polyphenol oxidase futhi ugcine i-apula isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokuguquka kombala.
Kodwa-ke, abantu abaningi bazixwaye ngokomzwelo “izithasiselo zokudla”. Ngemva kokucwiliswa esixazululweni esinamanzi, basenethonya elithile ku-flavour. Abantu baseMelika baphinde bahlola indlela "yokudweba imali phansi kweketela" ngokuqondile ukuvimbela ama-apula ekukhiqizeni i-polyphenol oxidase. Manje njengoba ubuchwepheshe bokukhohlisa izakhi zofuzo sebuvuthwe kakhulu, lokhu akuyona into enzima. Izinhlobonhlobo ezintsha ezigunyazwe ukumakethwa e-United States, "i-Arctic Apple", ivimbela ukuhlanganiswa kwe-polyphenol oxidase ngokusebenzisa ukuphazamiseka kwe-RNA. Ama-apula alolu hlobo ngeke ashintshe umbala kalula ngemva kokusikwa.
Esithombeni esingenhla, uhlangothi lwesokudla luyi- "Arctic Apple", kanti uhlangothi lwesobunxele luyizinhlobonhlobo ezingashintshiwe ezihambisanayo. Ngemva kokusikwa isikhathi eside, izinhlobo ezingashintshiwe seziqalile ukuba nsundu, futhi i-apula eliguquliwe kwesokudla lisafana.
Ngaphezu kwe-apula ngokwalo, ososayensi bathole ukuthi indlela yokusika ibuye ibe nomthelela omkhulu ekunsundu nasekunambithekeni kwe-apula.
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ukwenziwa nsundu kwama-apula kuvela ekuhlanganeni kwe-polyphenols ne-polyphenol oxidase ngemva kokuphazanyiswa kweseli. Uma umsiki engacacile, amaseli amaningi azochotshozwa futhi achotshozwe lapho esika; ngokuphambene nalokho, uma i-blade ibukhali, izonqunywa ngaphandle kokucindezela okuningi, futhi amaseli ambalwa azolimala. Ngohlobo "lwedivayisi ye-apula yokusika" esithombeni sangaphambilini, kunamaseli amaningi achotshozwayo lapho esikwa, futhi kulula ukuba nsundu ngemva kokusika.
Ukusika kwe-Ultrasonic ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula obusetshenziswe kabanzi embonini. Ucwaningo olushicilelwe ku-Journal of Food Science ngo-2019 luhlola izinguquko ekugcinweni kwama-apula asikwe yi-ultrasound.
Ucwaningo luqhathanise imiphumela yokusika ngaphandle kwe-ultrasound, kanye ne-30%, 40%, kanye ne-50% yamandla e-ultrasound.
Esithombeni esingenhla, u-A no-B yizingxenye ezisikiwe zama-apula ane-ultrasound nangenayo, ngokulandelana, futhi u-C no-D yizingxenye ezisikiwe zesithelo senyoka ene-ultrasound nangaphandle kwayo, ngokulandelana. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokungasebenzisi i-ultrasound, indawo esikiwe kusetshenziswa i-ultrasound ibushelelezi, iqina, inamaseli aphukile kancane, futhi ijubane lokunsundu liyahamba kancane ngesikhathi sokugcina. Abacwaningi basuse ama-apula acishe abe ngu-1 cm ubukhulu endaweni esikiwe ukuze bathole umsebenzi we-polyphenol oxidase. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi phakathi nenqubo yokusika, i-ultrasound yabangela umonakalo omkhulu ku-polyphenol oxidase. Ukuphakama kwamandla e-ultrasonic, kunamandla kakhulu umonakalo.
Kunjalo, umgomo omkhulu wocwaningo indlela yokuthonya ukunambitheka nokunambitha. Kusetshenziswe ama-taster angamashumi amabili nantathu ukukala ucwaningo, kanti u-1 ubonisa "ukungathandi kakhulu" futhi u-9 obonisa "ukuthanda kakhulu". Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umbala noma ukunambitheka, okunqunywe nge-ultrasonically kuthandwa kakhulu; ohlelweni lokugcina, amasampula esikwe nge-ultrasonically ahlala ethandwa kakhulu kunalawo angasikiwe nge-ultrasonically.
Isibonelo, kumphumela "wokuvuma konke", isilinganiso sesilinganiso se-non-ultrasound kanye ne-50% ye-ultrasound cut Huang Shuai sasingu-4.5 no-8.4, isonto elilodwa ngemva kuka-4.3 no-7.1, futhi amasonto amabili ngemva kuka-3.3 no-5.7, ngokulandelana. Okusho ukuthi, ama-apula angama-50% asikwe yi-ultrasound, ngemva kwamasonto amabili, athandwa kakhulu kunalapho enqunywe yi-non-ultrasound.
Kwenzeka okufanayo esithelweni senyoka. Lapho isanda kunqunywa, i-non-ultrasonic cut score yayiyi-4.7, eyayiphakathi kokuthi "akayithandi noma cha" kanye "nokungathandi kancane", kuyilapho i-50% ye-ultrasound cut score yayingu-8.3, eyayiphakathi kokuthi "very like" kanye "extreme Like It"; ngemva kwamasonto amabili, amaphuzu okusika okungewona ama-ultrasound ayengu-1.7, phakathi” kokungathandwa kakhulu “futhi” kwakungathandwa kakhulu “, futhi amaphuzu angu-50% okusika kwe-ultrasound kwaba ngu-5.7, okwakuphakathi” kokungabi nandaba Phakathi “nokungathandi” kanye “nokufana okuncane”.
